Q. Given that the velocity of P-waves in a sandstone matrix is 5600 m/s and that in oil is 1200 m/s, the velocity of P-wave propagation in oil saturated sandstone with 30% porosity is__________m/s. (Use Wyllie time average equation.) Ans: 2660-2670

Q. Assume a flat earth with crustal thickness of 35 km and average crustal and upper mantle P-wave velocities of 6.4 km.s–1 and 8.1 km.s–1, respectively. The minimum distance from the epicenter of a near surface earthquake at which Pn-waves are observed is__________km. Ans: 85-85

Q. The unit of shear modulus (rigidity modulus) is (A) kg m-1s-2             (B) m2 s-2                   (C) kg m-2 s-2             (D) m-1 Ans: kg m-1s-2    

Q. A ‘gentle’ fold with an interlimb angle equal to 160° appears tight (apparent interlimb angle equal to 20°) in horizontal section. According to the plunge of the fold axis, it can also be classified as (A) horizontal fold.                                      (B) gently plunging fold. (C) ...

Q, The geoid can be best defined as A. an oblate spheroid that best approximates the shape of the earth. B. a surface over which the value of gravity is constant. C. the physical surface of the earth. D. an equipotential surface of gravity of the earth. Ans: an equipotential surface ...

Q, The maximum and the minimum principal stresses are denoted by σ1 and σ3, respectively. The differential stress can have an absolute value greater than σ1 when A. σ1 and σ3 are both compressive. B. σ1 is compressive and σ3 is tensile. C. σ1 and σ3 are equal. D. σ1 and σ3 are both ...

Q. A rock follows Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. Which one of the Mohr-Coulomb failure envelopes shown below allows failure of the rock under stress state Y, but not under stress state X? (A) PP’                      (B) QQ’                     (C) RR’                      (D) SS’ Ans: ...

Q. The figure below shows the triple junction between three plates A, B and C. The boundary between the plates A and B is a ridge with a half-spreading rate of 4 cm/year. The A-C and B-C boundaries are collinear and orthogonal to the A-B ridge. The A-C boundary is a dextral transform fault with a ...

Q. The supercontinent that existed in the late Mesoproterozoic to early Neoproterozoic time was (A) Kenorland.          (B) Columbia.            (C) Rodinia.               (D) Pangaea. Ans: Rodinia.

Q. A melanocratic porphyritic rock containing phenocrysts of biotite, with feldspar restricted to the groundmass, is called (A) trachyte.              (B) dacite.                  (C) andesite.              (D) lamprophyre. Ans: lamprophyre.

Q. The geomorphic feature ‘horns’ are formed by (A) wind erosion.                                          (B) river erosion. (C) wind deposition.                                     (D) glacial erosion. Ans: glacial erosion.

Q. Pascal second is a unit of (A) seepage force.                                        (B) dynamic viscosity. (C) kinematic viscosity.                                (D) permeability. Ans: kinematic viscosity.