Current Affairs is the most important area in all competitive exams. But the difficulty level is very high. That’s why many aspirants get confused, how to select Current Affairs for Preparation of Competitive Examination? In this Post, Daily Current Affairs 28 March 2025, we have tried to cover each and every point and also included all important facts from National/ International news that are useful for upcoming competitive examinations such as UPSC, SSC, Railway, State Govt. etc.

83% of lakes globally experiencing decrease in surface water oxygen levels

Recent research has uncovered some concerning trends in our freshwater ecosystems. Climate change and rising temperatures are causing a drop in dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in lakes around the world. A thorough examination of more than 15,000 lakes shows that a staggering 83% are facing deoxygenation. This situation presents a significant risk to aquatic life and the overall health of these ecosystems.

Dissolved Oxygen Levels

Dissolved oxygen is critical for the survival of aerobic organisms in water. When there’s enough DO, it helps sustain diverse biological communities. But if the levels get too low, it can lead to hypoxia, putting fish and other aquatic life in danger.

Impact of Climate Change

Climate change is causing a drop in the amount of oxygen that can dissolve in water. This single factor is responsible for about 55% of the overall reduction in dissolved oxygen levels in our oceans and lakes. As temperatures climb, water’s ability to retain oxygen decreases, which can seriously harm aquatic life.

Role of Eutrophication

Eutrophication happens when nutrient runoff enters our water systems, and it plays a big role in reducing oxygen levels. In fact, it accounts for about 10% of the oxygen loss we see on the surface. When farmers use too many nutrients, it can lead to algal blooms. As these blooms break down, they use up oxygen, which only makes the problem of low dissolved oxygen levels worse.

Effects of Heat Waves

Heat waves have a rapid and pronounced impact on DO levels. They can cause a 7.7% reduction in surface DO. The frequency of heat waves has increased, with an average duration of 15 days per year across global lakes. This trend exacerbates the deoxygenation crisis.

Projections for the Future

Future forecasts suggest that things are likely to get worse. By the year 2100, we can expect a further drop in DO levels, with predictions ranging from 0.34 to 0.76 mg/litre depending on various climate scenarios. It looks like lakes in tropical areas might face the biggest challenges.

Regional Variations in Deoxygenation

Deoxygenation rates are going to differ from one region to another. Europe and North America are expected to see quicker declines than other continents. This difference highlights the importance of developing specific strategies tailored to each region to tackle the problem effectively.

Consequences of Deoxygenation

The decline in DO levels has severe ecological and economic implications. It can lead to reduced nitrogen fixation and increased greenhouse gas emissions. The impacts extend to food security and livelihoods, particularly in communities reliant on fishing.

Importance of Mitigation Strategies

Mitigation and adaptation strategies are essential to combat deoxygenation. Policymakers and environmental managers must prioritise actions to preserve lake ecosystems. Addressing climate change and nutrient pollution is crucial for maintaining healthy freshwater environments.

India Becomes the World’s Second-Largest Tea Exporter in 2024

The Indian tea industry, which has encountered its fair share of challenges over the years, finally has something to cheer about. According to recent data from the Tea Board of India, India has now claimed the title of the second-largest tea exporter in the world as of 2024, overtaking Sri Lanka and coming in just behind Kenya, which still holds the top spot.

Key Details:

In 2024, India exported 254 million kilograms (Mkg) of tea, a notable increase from the 231 Mkg it sent out in 2023. On the other hand, Sri Lanka’s tea exports held steady compared to last year, allowing India to take the second place.

• Kenya, which remains the world’s largest tea exporter, shipped over 500 Mkg of tea in 2024.
• India’s 2024 export figures (254 Mkg) were the second highest in its history, only behind 2018, when the country exported around 256 Mkg.
• The Indian tea industry aims to achieve an export target of 300 Mkg by 2030, given the recent upward trend.

Economic Impact of Increased Tea Exports

The tea exports in 2024 generated a revenue of ₹7,112 crore, reflecting a significant boost to the industry. Over the past few years, India’s tea export figures have remained within 200-225 Mkg, except for 2018 and 2024.

Gold Monetisation Scheme: Govt discontinues Gold Monetisation Scheme

The Government of India has made the decision to put an end to the medium- and long-term parts of the Gold Monetisation Scheme (GMS). This change, which will take effect on March 26, 2025, comes as gold prices continue to rise and following a thorough evaluation of how the scheme has been performing. According to the Ministry of Finance, only short-term bank deposits will still be available, and that will depend on the banks’ choices.

Gold Monetisation Scheme

The Gold Monetisation Scheme was launched in November 2015. Its primary aim was to mobilise idle gold held by households and institutions. This initiative aimed to cut down on gold imports and help tackle the current account deficit. By allowing people to deposit their gold with banks, the scheme turned that idle gold into something beneficial for the economy.

Components of the Scheme

The GMS included three main components: 1. Short-term bank deposits that ranged from 1 to 3 years. 2. Medium-term government deposits lasting 5 to 7 years. 3. Long-term government deposits that extended from 12 to 15 years. The minimum deposit was set at 10 grams of gold, and there was no upper limit.

Interest Rates Under the Scheme

Interest rates for short-term deposits were set by individual banks, reflecting the current market conditions. On the other hand, for medium- and long-term deposits, the rates were established by the government in collaboration with the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). Medium-term bonds provided a return of 2.25%, while long-term bonds offered a slightly higher rate of 2.5%.

Performance and Impact of the Scheme

As of November 2024, around 31,164 kg of gold had been mobilized through the GMS. In terms of deposits, short-term ones made up 7,509 kg, medium-term contributed 9,728 kg, and long-term deposits totaled 13,926 kg. The scheme saw participation from about 5,693 depositors, all aimed at turning unused gold into valuable assets.

Reasons for Discontinuation

According to the Ministry of Finance, the decision to discontinue the scheme was influenced by changing market conditions and its performance. The government has noticed an uptick in gold prices, which has prompted them to reassess gold-related schemes. The earlier issuance of sovereign gold bonds also underwent similar scrutiny.

Future of Gold Schemes in India

With the discontinuation of the GMS’s medium- and long-term components, the focus shifts to short-term bank deposits. The RBI is expected to provide detailed guidelines on the future of these deposits. The government aims to refine gold-related policies to adapt to changing economic conditions.

US Imposes 25% Tariff on Imported Cars and Auto Parts

US President Donald Trump has declared a 25% tariff on imported cars and auto parts, set to kick in next week. This decision is anticipated to ripple across the globe, impacting markets in the European Union (EU), Canada, India, and China. Although Indian car manufacturers may not feel the pinch right away, those producing auto components and tires for export to the US could face some serious repercussions.

US Tariff Policy and Its Global Impact

Trump’s Trade Strategy

President Donald Trump’s decision to impose steep tariffs on automobile imports aligns with his broader trade policies aimed at protecting American industries and boosting domestic manufacturing. By making foreign vehicles and components more expensive, the policy is expected to encourage companies to set up production facilities within the US.

Potential Retaliation from Other Nations

• EU, Canada, and China have condemned this move and are likely to impose counter-tariffs.
• Countries exporting large volumes of cars and parts to the US might reconsider their trade agreements.
• US consumers could face price hikes on cars, with costs increasing by up to $6,000 per vehicle.

Impact on the Indian Automotive Sector

• The US market isn’t a major player for Indian passenger vehicles and trucks, making up less than 1% of total vehicle exports.

• India mainly exports right-hand drive vehicles, which find their way to markets in West Asia, South Africa, SAARC nations, and various African countries.

• The two-wheeler industry is mostly untouched, as exports are primarily aimed at Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

Challenges for Auto Component Manufacturers

Indian auto component exports to the US hit $2.2 billion, representing 29% of all auto part exports from India. Tyre exports to the US were valued at ₹4,259 crore (about $500 million), making up 17% of India’s total tyre exports. The China+1 strategy, which global auto manufacturers have been adopting, had previously helped Indian exporters. But now, with the introduction of tariffs, those benefits might be at risk. Indian manufacturers like Sona Comstar, a supplier for Tesla, Sundaram Fasteners, which provides components for GM’s powertrains, and Tata Motors, responsible for Jaguar Land Rover sales in the US, could face some tough times ahead in terms of revenue.

India’s First Nano Electronics Roadshow Inaugurated by MeitY Secretary at IISc Bengaluru

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY), in partnership with IISc Bengaluru, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Delhi, IIT Kharagpur, and IIT Guwahati, successfully held India’s first-ever Nano Electronics Roadshow on March 27, 2025, at the National Science Seminar Complex in IISc Bengaluru. The event was inaugurated by Shri S. Krishnan, Secretary of MeitY, and Shri Abhishek Singh, Additional Secretary of MeitY.

Key Points:

• Over 100 intellectual properties (IPs) and more than 50 innovative technologies were showcased.

• More than 35 promising startups displayed their innovations, all supported by six cutting-edge nanoelectronics centers.

• The event brought together over 700 industry leaders, policymakers, and academics, creating a space for collaboration.

• It highlighted India’s commitment to self-reliance in semiconductors, in line with PM Narendra Modi’s Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative.

• MeitY’s Nano Centers are crucial for driving innovation and developing talent, contributing to a skilled workforce of 85,000.

• India’s semiconductor market is expected to grow from $45-50 billion today to between $100-110 billion by 2030.

• Students from Nano Centers presented 48 state-of-the-art technology demonstrations.

• Four Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs) were signed between academia and industry, including:

• IISc partnering with KAS Technologies and Antigone Solutions Pvt. Ltd.

• The Center for Nano Science and Engineering collaborating with the India Electronics & Semiconductor Association (IESA).

• Madnani Chemdist Novatech LLP teaming up with Primary Healthtech Pvt. Ltd.

• The event celebrated and awarded innovative startups, recognizing their contributions to advancements in semiconductors and nanoelectronics.

• Shri Abhishek Singh, Additional Secretary at MeitY, emphasized how initiatives like the India AI Mission and INUP Program are addressing real-world challenges.

DRDO & Indian Navy Successfully Test-Fire VLSRSAM Missile

On March 26, 2025, the Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO) and the Indian Navy pulled off a successful flight test of the Vertically-Launched Short-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (VLSRSAM). This exciting event happened at the Integrated Test Range (ITR) in Chandipur, Odisha, and it represents a significant step forward for India’s defence capabilities.

About VLSRSAM

The VLSRSAM is an indigenous missile designed for short-range air defense. It can effectively engage a range of aerial threats, especially those at low altitudes. Utilizing advanced technologies, such as a locally developed Radio Frequency seeker, it improves its target acquisition and engagement skills.

Flight Test Details

The flight test was conducted using a land-based vertical launcher. The missile was aimed at a fast aerial target at a close distance. It successfully demonstrated its Near-Boundary-Low Altitude capability. The test showcased the missile’s agility and accuracy, as it made a sharp turn to destroy the target.

System Components

The test featured several elements set up in a combat-ready configuration. This included the missile, the Multi-Function Radar, and the Weapon Control System. Each component performed as anticipated, proving their effectiveness under real-time conditions. Flight data was collected using a range of instruments created at ITR Chandipur.

Significance of the Test

Defence Minister Rajnath Singh praised the achievement, calling it a testament to India’s defence research and development capabilities. He noted that the VLSRSAM will serve as a force multiplier for the Indian Navy. This development strengthens India’s position in regional security dynamics.

Future Implications

The successful test of the VLSRSAM is expected to enhance the technological edge of the Indian Armed Forces. It reflects India’s commitment to self-reliance in defence manufacturing. The missile’s modern technologies are anticipated to boost air defence mechanisms .

Roshni Nadar Becomes First Indian Woman in World’s Top 10 Richest Women

Roshni Nadar, the Chairperson of HCL Technologies, has made a significant mark by becoming the first Indian woman to join the ranks of the world’s top 10 richest women. According to the Hurun Global Rich List 2025, she stands at 5th place among the wealthiest women globally, with a net worth of ₹3.5 lakh crore (around US$40 billion). This milestone comes after she took over a 47% stake in HCL Technologies from her father, Shiv Nadar, further solidifying her position as one of India’s leading billionaires. She continues to hold the title of India’s richest woman and is now the third-richest person in the country as of 2025.

Hurun Global Rich List 2025: Top 10 Wealthiest Women

1. Alice Walton (USA) – US$102 Billion

2. Francoise Bettencourt Meyers (France) – US$67 Billion

3. Julia Koch & Family (USA) – US$60 Billion

4. Jacqueline Mars (USA) – US$53 Billion

5. Roshni Nadar (India) – US$40 Billion

6. Abigail Johnson (USA) – US$32 Billion

7. Marilyn Simons & Family (USA) – US$31 Billion

8. Linda Stephens & Family (USA) – US$30 Billion

World Theatre Day 2025

World Theatre Day is celebrated every March 27th and was established by the International Theatre Institute (ITI) in 1961 to highlight the importance of theatre. In 2025, the theme is “Theatre and a Culture of Peace,” focusing on how theatre can encourage peace and understanding through its powerful storytelling and performances.

History:

The first World Theatre Day was celebrated in 1962, initiated by the International Theatre Institute (ITI). March 27th was selected to coincide with the opening of the “Theatre of Nations” season in Paris. Over the years, more than 90 ITI Centres across the world have marked this occasion with a variety of national and international theatre events. It’s a day for theatre professionals, fans, and institutions to come together and recognize the beauty and impact of this art form.

Significance of World Theatre Day

This day plays a crucial role in:

• Promoting Theatre as an Art Form – Theatre is not just about performance; it is a medium for storytelling, education, and social transformation.
• Fostering Cross-Cultural Understanding – Theatre allows people to experience different cultures, emotions, and perspectives.
• Encouraging Governments to Support Theatre – Governments and policymakers are reminded of theatre’s contribution to society and its potential for economic growth.
• Highlighting the Power of Performance – Theatre helps in raising awareness, challenging societal norms, and bringing about change.