Shivaji (1627-1680): His Life and Conquests : Medieval Indian History

Sivaji was born in the hill fort of Shivner near Junnar in 1627. His father was Shahji Bhonsala and mother was Jijabai. In 1632 Shahaji had entered into the service of Bijapur state and left for his new jagir with his second wife.

The serious illness of the Sultan of Bijapur in 1646 and the consequent disorders in his kingdom gave Sivaji much desired opportunity and he captured the fort of Torna in the same year, twenty miles South West of Poona. He then raided the fort of Raigarh, five miles east of Torna.

He captured Javli from a Maratha chief, Chanda Rao More. This made him the master of Mavala region. In 1657, he attacked the Bijapur kingdom and captured a number of hill forts in the Konkan region. The Sultan of Bijapur sent Afzal Khan against Shivaji. But Afzal Khan was murdered by Shivaji in 1659 in a daring manner.

Shivaji’s military conquests made him a legendary figure in the Maratha region. Many came forward to join his army. The Mughal emperor Aurangazeb was anxiously watching the rise of Maratha power under Shivaji.

He sent the Mughal governor of the Deccan, Shaista Khan against Shivaji. Shivaji suffered a defeat at the hands of the Mughal forces and lost Poona. But Shivaji once again made a bold attack on Shaista Khan’s military camp at Poona in 1663, killed his son and wounded Khan.

This daring attack affected the prestige of Khan and he was recalled by Aurangazeb. In 1664, Shivaji attacked Surat, the chief pori of the Mughals and plundered it.

This time Aurangazeb sent Raja Jai Singh of Amber to fight against Shivaji. He made elaborate preparations and succeeded in besieging the Purander fort where Shivaji lodged his family and treasure.

Shivaji opened negotiations with Jai Singh and the Treaty of Purander was signed in 1665. According to the treaty, Shivaji had to surrender 23 forts to the Mughals out of 35 forts held by him.

The remaining 12 forts were to be left to Shivaji on condition of service and loyalty to Mughal empire. On the other hand, the Mughals recognized the right of Shivaji to hold certain parts of the Bijapur kingdom. As Shivaji asked to exempt him from personal service to the Mughals, his minor son Shambaji was granted a mansab of 5000.

Shivaji visited Agra in 1666 but he was imprisoned there. But, he managed to escape from prison and made military preparations for another four years.

Then he renewed his wars against the Mughals. Surat was plundered by him for the second time in 1670. He also captured all his lost territories by his conquests.

In 1674 Shivaji crowned himself at Raigarh and assumed the title Chatrapathi. Then he led an expedition into the Carnatic region and captured Ginjee and Vellore. After his return from this expedition, Shivaji died in 1680.

Shivaji’s Administration

Chatrapati Shivaji Maharaj ’s system of administration was largely borrowed from the administrative practice of the Deccani states. Though his system of administration was developed along the Maratha mode, he did not entirely discard the prevalent systems. The central part of his administrative system was constituted by extensive survey and settlement operations, which was also borrowed from the prevailing administrative practices of India.

Shivaji was also a great administrator. He laid the foundations of a sound system of administration. The king was the pivot of the government. He was assisted by a council of ministers called Ashtapradhan. However, each minister was directly responsible to Shivaji.

1. Peshwa — Finance and general administration. Later he became the prime minister.
2. Sar-i-Naubat or Senapati — Military commander, a honorary post.
3. Amatya — Accountant General.
4. Waqenavis — Intelligence, posts and household affairs.
5. Sachiv — Correspondence.
6. Sumanta — Master of ceremonies.
7. Nyayadish — Justice.
8. Panditarao — Charities and religious administration.

Most of the administrative reforms of Shivaji were based on the practices of the Deccan sultanates. For example, Peshwa was the Persian title.

The revenue system of Shivaji was based on that of Malik Amber of Ahmadnagar. Lands were measured by using the measuring rod called kathi. Lands were also classified into three categories — paddy fields, garden lands and hilly tracks.

He reduced the powers of the existing deshmuks and kulkarnis. He appointed his own revenue officials called karkuns.

Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan sultanates. Chauth was one fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the Maratha raids, Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten percent on those lands which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights.

Shivaji was a man of military genius and his army was well organized. The regular army consisted of about 30000 to 40000 cavalry supervised by havaildars. They were given fixed salaries.

There were two divisions in the Maratha cavalry —

1. bargirs, equipped and paid by the state; and
2. sffahdars, maintained by the nobles. In the infantry, the Mavli foot soldiers played an important role. Shivaji also maintained a navy.

Successors of Shivaji

Shivaji was succeeded by his eldest son Sambhaji. The rule of the Maratha Empire set in under the chieftaincy of Sambhaji. Although he had to fight many battles against his brothers and neighbors, he was able to consolidate his power as the Chhatrapati.

Sambhaji was put to death by Aurangzeb. Rajaram, another son of Shivaji became the Chhatrapati.

After his death, his wife Tarabai began to rule on behalf of her minor son Shivaji II. Sambhaji’s son Shahu who was imprisoned was released by Bahadur Shah, the Mughal emperor.

A war broke between Shahu and Tarabai in which she was defeated. As the suucessors of Shivaji were weak, the Peshwas became the actual rulers of the Maratha empire.

Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath became the first Peshwa. He was succeeded by his son, Baji Rao. Peshwa Balaji Rao was the third Peshwa.