The ideological origin of the Mahalwari System was tied up with

Q. The ideological origin of the Mahalwari System was tied up with

(a) the failure of Permanent settlement to effectively implement land revenue collection

(b) an increasing crystallization of the British idea of the Indian ‘village republic’

(c) Utilitarianism becoming a powerful ideal of colonial governance.

(d) all the above

Ans: (d) all the above

Explanation: The correct answer is (d) all the above.

The ideological origin of the Mahalwari System was tied up with all the factors mentioned in the options:

(a) The failure of Permanent settlement to effectively implement land revenue collection: The Permanent Settlement, implemented in certain regions of British India, had limitations in effectively collecting land revenue. The Mahalwari System was introduced as an alternative to address these issues and improve revenue collection.

(b) An increasing crystallization of the British idea of the Indian ‘village republic’: The British administrators and thinkers developed the idea of the Indian village republic, which portrayed Indian villages as self-governing units. The Mahalwari System was influenced by this concept, aiming to align with the traditional village structure and involve local communities in revenue administration.

(c) Utilitarianism becoming a powerful ideal of colonial governance: Utilitarianism, an ethical theory emphasizing the greatest happiness for the greatest number, influenced colonial governance in British India. The Mahalwari System was seen as a utilitarian approach to land revenue administration, aiming to bring about greater efficiency and economic benefits for the British administration.

Therefore, all the statements mentioned in options (a), (b), and (c) are correct, and the correct code is (d) all the above.