Himachal Pradesh Public Service Commission, known commonly as HPPSC, is a government agency and topmost constitutional body of Government of Himachal Pradesh. Here is a detailed syllabus for HPAS Main Exam Optional Paper Philosophy.
Optional Paper – Philosophy
PAPER-I
Problems of Philosophy – A
Section – I: Indian Philosophy:
- Carvaka: Theory of Knowledge.
- Jainism: Theory of Reality, Saptabhanginaya Bondage and Liberation.
- Buddhism: Pratitysamtpda, Ksanikavda, Nairtmyavda.
- Smkhya: Prakrit, Purusa, Theory of Causation, Liberation. 5. Nyya-Vaieesika: Theory of Prmna, Self, Liberation, God and Proofs for God's Existence, Categories, Theory of Causation.
- Mmms: Theory of Knowledge. 7. Vednta: Schools of Vednta, Sankara, Rmunja, (Brahman, svara, tman, Jva, Jagat, My, Avid, Adhysa, Moksa).
Section II: Western Philosophy:
- Plato: Theory of Ideas.
- Aristotle: Form, Matter and Causation.
- Descartes: Cartesian Method and certain knowledge, God, Mind-Body Dualism.
- Spinoza: Substance.
- Leibniz: Monads;
- Locke: theory of knowledge, Rejection of Innate Ideas.
- Berkeley: Essest Percipii. Hume: Scepticism, Causality.
- Kant: Distinctions between synthetic and analytic judgments and between a priori and a posteriori judgments, Possibility of Synthetic a priori judgments, Criticism of the Proofs for the Existence of God.
- Hegel: Dialectical Method, Absolute Idealism.
- Moore: Defence of common sense, Refutation of idealism,
- Russell: Logical Atomism: Atomic Facts, Atomic sentences, Logical Constructions and Incomplete Symbols.
- Logical Positivism: Verification theory and rejection of Metaphysics, (A.J. Ayer).
- Hussere: Phenomenology:
- Existentialism: Kierkegaard, Sartre.
- Strawson: Theory of person.
Section III: Logic (Indian):
Unit-1: Definition and constituents of Anmana in Nyya and Buddhism; nature of Vypti in Nyya.
Unit-II: Inductive elements in Indian Logic: the concepts of vyptigrahopaya, smnya laksana pratyasatti, tarka, updhi-nirsa.
Section IV: Logic (Western):
Unit-I: Categorical Syllogism, Basic rules determining validity of syllogism and fallacies - arising as a result of the violation of those rules; immediate inferences: Conversion, obversion and contraposition.
Unit-II: Elementary notions and principles of truth-functional logic; techniques of symbolization; testing validity/ Invalidity of an argument form by truth-table method; proof construction for the validity of an argument form; statement—forms: tautologous, contradictory, and contingent.
Section-V: Contemporary Indian Philosophy:
(i) Swami Vivekananda: Man, Universal Religion.
(ii) Mahatma Gandhi: Satyagraha, Sarvodaya, Non-violence.
(iii) S. Radha Krishnan: God and Absolute: Intellect and Intuition.
PAPER-II
Problems of Philosophy-B
Section-I: Ethics (Indian):
Unit-I:
- The law of karma: ethical implications, Brahmaviharas.
- Sdhrana dharma, Triratnas of Jainism.
Unit-II:
- Concept of Rna, Varna dharma and asrama-dharma, Yama and Niyama of Yoga.
- Gita's notion of Svadharma and Lokasangraha; Karma Yoga, Bhakti Yoga and Jnna Yoga.
Section-II: Ethics (Western):
Unit-I:
- Nature and Scope of ethics; concepts of right, good and duty.
- Presuppositions of Morality; Freedom, Determinism and Responsibility.
Unit-II:
- Theories of Punishment: Deterrent, retributive and reformative theories; theories of relation between individual and society.
- Normative ethics; Brief outlines of the Ethical Theories of Aristotle, J. Bentham, and J.S. Mill.
Section-III: Philosophy of Religion:
Unit-I: Nature & scope of Philosophy of Religion and its relation with Theology.
Unit-II: Approaches to the study of Religion: Historical, Sociological and Psychological.
Unit-III: Foundation of religious belief: Revelation, Faith and Mysticism.
Unit-IV: Different Theories about God : Deism, Theism and Pentheism.
Unit-V: Immorality of Soul: Proofs. Disproofs. Kinds.
Section-IV: Socio-Political Philosophy:
- Political Ideals: Equality, Justice, Liberty.
- Sovereignty (Austin, Laski, Kautilya)
- Individual and State.
- Democracy; Concept and forms.
- Socialism and Marxism.
- Humanism.
- Secularism.
- Gender-Equality.
- Scientific Temper and Progress.
- Philosophy of Ecology.
Section-V: Contemporary Western Philosophy:
Unit-I: Issues and problems: sense and reference (G. Frege); definite descriptions (B.
Russell).
Unit-II: Theories of meaning; (L. Wittgenstein and J.L. Austin).
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