Paper I
1.1 Meaning and scope Anthropology
1.2 Relationship with other disciplines: History, Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Political Science, Life
Science, Medical Science.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man.
Organic Evolution‐ Theories of evolution in historical perspective, pre‐Darwinian, Darwinia and Post‐
Darwinian period. Modern synthetic theory of evolution; brief outline of terms and concepts of evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule, parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, mosaic revolution); Principles of systematics and taxonomy, major primate taxa, tertiary and quaternary fossil primates, Systematics of Hominoidae and Hominidae, Origin and evolution of man‐‘Homo erectus and Homo sapiens’.
1.5 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and distribution of the following:
Recent advances in understanding the evolution, distribution and multidisciplinary approach to understand a fossil type in relation to others.
1.6 Evolutionary trend and classification of the order Primates, Relationship with other mammals, molecular evolution of Primates, Comparative anatomy of man and apes, primate locomotion; terrestrial and arboreal adaptation, skeletal changes due to erect posture and its implications.
1.7 Cultural Evolution‐ broad outlines of pre‐historic cultures:
2.1 Family‐ Definition and typology of family, household and domestic groups. Basic structure and functions; stability and changes in family. Typological and processual approaches to the study of family . Impact of urbanization, industrialization, education and feminist movements. University of family‐a critique.
2.2 Concept of kinship: Definition of kin, incest prohibition exogamy and endogamy. Principles of descent‐types and functions. Political and jural aspects of kinship. Unilineal, bilateral and double descent. Descent, filiation and complementary filiation. Kinship terminology, typology and approaches to the study of terminology Alliance and descent.
2.3 Marriage: Definition, types and variations of marriage systems. Debates on the universal definition of marriage. Regulation of marriage‐preferential, prescriptive, proscriptive and open systems. Types and form of marriage Dowry,bride‐price, pestation and marriage stability.
3.1 Study of culture, patterns and processes. Concept of culture, patterns of culture, relationships between culture and civilization and society.
3.2 Concept of Social Change and Cultural Change:
3.3 Social structure and social organization , Role‐ analysis and social network. Institutions, groups community. Social stratification: principles and form, status, class and power, gender. Nature and types of mobility.
3.4 Concept of Society.
3.5 Approaches to the study of culture and society‐classical evolutionism, neo‐evolutionism, culture ecology, historical particularism and diffusionism, structural‐functionalism, culture and personality, transaction‐alism, symbolism, cognitive approach and new ethnography, post structuralism and post‐ modernism.
4.1 Definitions and functions of religion. Anthropological approaches to the study of religion‐ evolutionary, psychological and functional. Magic, witchcraft and sorcery; definitions and functions and functionaries: priest, saman, medicine man and sorcerers. Symbolism in religion and rituals. Ethnomedicine. Myths and rituals: definitions and approaches to their study –structural and functional and processual Relation with economic and political structures.
5.1 Meaning, scope and relevance, principles governing production, distribution and consumption in
communities subsisting on hunting‐gathering, fishing, pastoralism, horticulture and other economic pursuits. Formalist and substantivist debate‐Dalton, Karl‐polyanny and Marx approach and New Economic Anthropology. Exchange: gifts, barter, trade, ceremonial exchange and market economy.
5.2 Theoretical foundations. Types of political organisations‐band, tribe, chiefdom, state, concept of power, authority and legitimacy. Social control, law and justice in tribal and peasant societies.
6.1 Concepts of developmental Anthropological perspective. Models of development. Critiques of classical development theories. Concept of planning and planned development. Concept of participatory development. Culture ecology and sustainable development. Displacement and rehabilitation.
7.1 Concept of research in anthropology, subjectivity and reflexivity in terms of gender class, ideology and ethics. Distinction between methodology, methods and techniques. Nature and explanation in anthropological research. Positivistics and non‐positivistic approaches. Comparative methods; nature, purpose and methods of comparison in social and cultural anthropology. Basic techniques of data collection. Interview, participant and other forms of observation, schedules, questionnaire, case‐study methods, extended case‐study methods, life histories and secondary sources, oral history, genealogical method, participatory, learning and assessment (PLA). Participatory rapid assessment (PRA). Analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
8.1 Concept, scope and major branches of human genetics. Its relationship with other branches of science and medicine.
8.2 Method for study of genetic principles in man‐family study (pedigree analysis, twin study, foster child, co‐twin method, cytogenetic method, chromosomal and karyotype analysis), biochemical methods, immunological methods, D.N.A. technology and recombinant technologies.
8.3 Twin‐study method‐zygosity, heritability estimates, present status of the twin method and its
applications.
8.4 Mendelian genetics in man‐family study, single factor, multifactor, lethal, sub‐lethal, and polygenic
inheritence in man.
8.5 Concept of genetic polymorphism and selection, Mendelian population, Hardy‐Weinberg law; causes and changes which bring down frequency‐mutation, isolation, migration, selecton, inbreeding and genetic drift. Consanguineous and non‐consanguineous mating, genetic load, genetic effect of consanguineous and cousin marriages (statistical and probability methods for study of human genetics).
8.6 Chromosomes and chromosomal aberrations in man, methodology.
8.7 Concept of race in histogical and biological perspective. Race and racism, biological basis of morphological variation of non‐metric and metric characters. Racial criteria, racial traits in relation to heredity and environment; biological basis of racial classification, racial differentiation and race‐ crossing in man.
8.8 Ethnic groups of mankind‐characteristics and distribution in world, racial classification of human groups. Principal living peoples of world. Their distribution and characteristics.
8.9 Age, sex and population variation in genetic marker‐ABO, Rh blood groups, HLA, Hp, transferrin, Gm, blood enzymes. Physiological characteristics‐Hb level, body fat, pulse rate, respiratory functions and sensory perceptions in different cultural and socio‐economic groups. Impact of smoking air pollutions, alcoholism, drugs and occupational hazards on health.
9.1 Concepts and Methods of Ecological Anthropology. Adaptation‐social and cultural Deterministic theories‐a critique. Resources‐biological, non‐biological and sustainable development. Biological adaptation‐climatic, environmental, nutritional and genetic.
10.1 Relevance in understanding of contemporary society. Dynamics of ethnicity at rural, tribal, urban and international levels. Ethnic conflicts and political developments. Concept of ethnic boundaries.
Ethnicity and concept of nation state.
11.1 Concept of human growth and development‐stages of growth‐prenatal, natal, infant, childhood, adolescence, maturity, senescence.
Factors affecting growth and development genetic, environment, biochemical, nutritional, cultural and
socio‐economic.
‐Ageing and senescence. Theories and observations‐biological and chronological longevity. Human physique and somatotypes. Methodologies for growth studies.
12.1 Reproductive biology, demography and population study. Reproductive physiology of male and female. Biological aspects of human fertility. Relevance of menarche, menopause and other bioevents to fertility. Fertily patterns and differentials.
12.2 Demographic theories‐biological, social and cultural.
12.3 Demographic methods‐census, registration system, sample methods, duel reporting system.
12.4 Population structures and population dynamics.
12.5 Demographic rates and ratios, life table‐structure and utility.
12.6 Biological and socio‐ecological factors influencing fecundity, fertility natality and mortality.
12.7 Methods of studying population growth.
12.8 Biological consequences of population control and family welfare.
13.1 Anthropology of sports
13.2 Nutritional Anthropology
13.3 Anthropology in designing of defence and other equipments.
13.4 Forensic Anthropology.
13.5 Methods and principles of personal identification and reconstruction.
13.6 Applied human genetics‐Paternity diagnosis genetic counselling and eugenics.
13.7 DNA technology‐prevention and cure of diseases.
13.8 Anthropo‐genetics in medicine.
13.9 Serogenetics and cytogenetics in reproductive biology.
13.10 Application of statistical principles in human genetics and Physical Anthropology.
Paper II
5.1 Aspects of Indian village‐Social organisations of agriculture, impact of market economy on Indian villages.
5.2 Linguistic and religious minorities‐social, political and economic status.
5.3 Tribal situation in India‐biogenetic variability, linguistic and socio‐economic characteristics of the tribal populations and their distribution. Problems of the tribal Communities‐land alienation, poverty indebtedness, low literacy, poor educational facilities, unemployment, health and nutrition.
Developmental projects‐tribal displacement and problems of rehabilitation:
Development of forest policy and tribals, Impact of urbanisation and industrialization on tribal and rural populations.
8.1 Impact of Hinduism, Christianity, Islam and other religious on tribal societies.
8.2 Tribe and nation state‐a comparative study of tribal communities in India and other countries.
9.1 Role of anthropology in tribal and rural development.
9.2 Contributions of anthropology to the understanding of regionalism, communalism and ethnic and political movements
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